Japan's Case Examined (Paperback)

JAPANS CAS EXAMINED With Supplementary Chapters on the Far Eastern Policies of the United States, and the Significance to the World of the Conflict in the Far East By WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY Professor Emeritus of Political Science, The Johns Hopkins University Author of Foreign Rights and Interests in China, China at the Conference, The Sino-Japanese Controversy and the League of Nations, Opium as an Inter national Problem, etc. BALTIMORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS 1940 PREFACE The purpose of this volume is a simple though dual one. It is to present in a comprehensive, yet brief, manner the aims which Japan is pursuing in the Far East, as shown by her own official declarations, and to examine as to their validity the arguments she has advanced in pursuance of these aims. The author has sought to write in an objective and scientific manner. However, it seems but fair to the reader that the author should repeat a statement re garding himself which he made in the preface to his volume, published five years ago, The Sino-Japanese Controversy and the League of Nations. He there stated With regard to this matter of impartiality, it is to be said with frankness that its maintenance has been difficult by reason of the fact that for a considerable number of years he has been employed by the Chinese Government as an adviser or technical expert and, at present, is serving as adviser to the Chinese Embassy at Washington, D. Q. The author, in that preface, also said It is true that the present volume supplies evidence of actions that are much to the discredit of Japan, and places her in the position of advancing pro positions of international right and of League juris prudence which the other nations ofthe world have been unable to accept, but this result, it is believed, has been necessitated by the facts of the controversy, rather th n due to a partial presentation of those facts. vi PREFACE However, as to this, each reader of this volume must judge for himself. It is believed that these observations are appropriate to the present volume. The author is indebted to the American Journal of International Law for permission to reprint as Chapter seven his article entitled Far Eastern Policies of the United States. He is similarly indebted to the Chinese Cultural Society of New York City for permission to reprint as Chapter eight his paper The Significance to the world of the Conflict in the Far East. w. w. w. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE PAGE JAPANS ACTIONS IN CHINA i Japan and the Washington Conference The Nine Power Treaty a Japans Policies, 1922-1931 8 American Policy during the First Weeks Following Japans Invasion of Manchuria 9 Continuation and Extension of Japans Invasion of China. United States Non-Recognition Note of January 7, 1932 n CHAPTER TWO JAPANS PLEAS IN JUSTIFICATION 17 Japanese Psychology 17 Japans Plea of Self-Defense 20 Self - Defense as Recognized by International Law . 24 Japans Plea of Defense Needed against Russia . . 30 Japans Claim to Superiority of Rights over other States Her Divine Right Theory 35 Japans Claim of Vital Interests 37 Japans Claim of Right to Defend Herself against Communism 4 Chinese Communism Described 44 Japans Plea Based on Anti-Japanese Feeling in China 47 Reasons for Anti-Japanese Feeling in China ... 48 Japans Opium Policies in China 49 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Attitude of Chinese Government toward Anti-Japanism in China 52Japans Claim that China is an Unorganized State 54 Japans Fear of the Strong China Which was De veloping 58 Cultural Developments in China and Japanese Re action to Them 61 Japans Efforts to Prevent the Creation of a Politically Unified China 64 CHAPTER THREE JAPANS REAL AIMS AS AVOWED 68 Japans Statement of April 17, 1934 Amau State ment 70 British and American Replies to this Statement . . 72 United States Notes to Japan, October 6, 1938, and December 31, 1938 74 Japans Repudiation of Treaty Obligations .....